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1 Pascal, Blaise
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 19 June 1623 Clermont Ferrand, Franced. 19 August 1662 Paris, France[br]French mathematician, physicist and religious philosopher.[br]Pascal was the son of Etienne Pascal, President of the Court of Aids. His mother died when he was 3 years old and he was brought up largely by his two sisters, one of whom was a nun at Port Royal. They moved to Paris in 1631 and again to Rouen ten years later. He received no formal education. In 1654 he was involved in a carriage accident in which he saw a mystical vision of God and from then on confined himself to philosophical rather than scientific matters. In the field of mathematics he is best known for his work on conic sections and on the laws of probability. As a youth he designed a calculating machine of which, it is said, some seventy were made. His main contribution to technology was his elucidation of the laws of hydrostatics which formed the basis of all hydrostatic machines in subsequent years. Pascal, however, did not put these laws to any practical use: that was left to the English cabinet-maker and engineer Joseph Bramah more than a century later. Suffering from indifferent health, Pascal persuaded his brother-in-law Périer to repeat the experiments of Evangelista Torricelli on the pressure of the atmosphere. This involved climbing the 4,000 ft (1,220 m) of the Puy de Dôme, a mountain close to Clermont, with a heavy mercury-in-glass barometer. The experiment was reported in the 1647 pamphlet "Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide". The Hydrostatic Law was laid down by Pascal in Traité de l'équilibre des liqueurs, published a year after his death. In this he established the fact that in a fluid at rest the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions.[br]Bibliography1647, "Expériences nouvelles touchant le vide". 1663, Traité de l'équilibre des liqueurs.Further ReadingJ.Mesnard, 1951, Pascal, His Life and Works.I.McNeil, 1972, Hydraulic Power, London: Longmans.IMcN -
2 Pascal
m.1 Pascal, Blaise Pascal.2 Pascal, Pascal language.* * *= Pascal.Nota: Lenguaje de programación.Ex. There are other systems also worthy of note such as Oasis and the USCD P-System, the latter being a Pascal-based system (Pascal is a programming language).----* basado en Pascal = Pascal-based.* * *= Pascal.Nota: Lenguaje de programación.Ex: There are other systems also worthy of note such as Oasis and the USCD P-System, the latter being a Pascal-based system (Pascal is a programming language).
* basado en Pascal = Pascal-based.* * *pascal* * *PASCAL, Pascal nmInformát PASCAL, Pascal -
3 Programming Language named for Blaise Pascal
File extension: PASCALУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Programming Language named for Blaise Pascal
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4 Programming language named for 17th century mathematician Blaise Pascal
Software: PASCALУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Programming language named for 17th century mathematician Blaise Pascal
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5 Schickhard(t), Wilhelm
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 22 April 1592 Herrenberg, Stuttgart, Germanyd. 24 October 1635 Tübingen, Germany[br]German polymath who described, and apparently built, a calculating "clock", possibly the first mechanical adding-machine.[br]At an early age Schickhard won a scholarship to the monastery school at Tübingen and then progressed to the university, where he obtained his BA and MA in theology in 1609 and 1611, respectively. He then specialized in oriental languages and eventually became Professor of Hebrew, Oriental Languages, Mathematics, Astronomy and Geography at Tübingen. Between 1613 and 1619 he was also deacon or pastor to a number of churches in the area. In 1617 he met Johannes Kepler, who, impressed by his ability, asked him to draw up tables of figures for his Harmonica Mundi (1619). As a result of this, Schickhard designed and constructed a mechanical adding-machine that he called a calculating clock. This he described in a letter of 20 September 1623 to Kepler, but a subsequent letter of 25 February 1624 reported its destruction by fire. After his death, probably from bubonic plague, his papers and the letter to Kepler were discovered in the regional library in Stuttgart in 1930 by Franz Hamme, who described them to the 1957 Mathematical Congress. As a result, a Dr Baron von Freytag Lovinghoff, who was present at that meeting, built a reconstruction of Schickard's machine in 1960.[br]Further ReadingF.Hamme, 1958, "Nicht Pascal sondern der Tübingen Prof. Wilhelm Schickhard erfund die Rechenmaschin", Buromarkt 20:1,023 (describes the papers and letter to Kepler).B.von F.Lovinghoff, 1964, "Die erste Rechenmaschin: Tübingen 1623", Humanismus undTechnik 9:45.——1973, "Wilhelm Schickhard und seine Rechenmaschin von 1625", in M.Graef (ed.), 350 Jahre Rechenmaschin.M.R.Williams, 1985, History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.See also: Pascal, BlaiseKF -
6 Паскаль, Блез
(1623-62; один из величайших мыслителей Франции, богослов, математик, учёный) Pascal, BlaiseРусско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > Паскаль, Блез
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7 Electronics and information technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Byron, Ada AugustaNapier, JohnRiche, Gaspard-Clair-François-MarieSchickhard, WilhelmBiographical history of technology > Electronics and information technology
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8 פסקל
Pascal, programming language that encourages the use of well-constructed and understandable patterns (Computers) ; (French) first name; family name; Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), French philosopher and mathematician, founder of modern probability theory; unit of pressure equal to one newton per square meter -
9 בלז פסקל
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), French philosopher and mathematician, founder of modern probability theory -
10 בלייז פסקל
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), French philosopher and mathematician, founder of modern probability theory -
11 Morland, Sir Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 1625 Sulhampton, near Reading, Berkshire, Englandd. 26 December 1695 Hammersmith, near London, England[br]English mathematician and inventor.[br]Morland was one of several sons of the Revd Thomas Morland and was probably initially educated by his father. He went to Winchester School from 1639 to 1644 and then to Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1648 and MA in 1652. He was appointed a tutor there in 1650. In 1653 he went to Sweden in the ambassadorial staff of Bulstrode Whitelocke and remained there until 1654. In that year he was appointed Clerk to Mr Secretary Thurloe, and in 1655 he was accredited by Oliver Cromwell to the Duke of Savoy to appeal for the Waldenses. In 1657 he married Susanne de Milleville of Boissy, France, with whom he had three children. In 1660 he went over to the Royalists, meeting King Charles at Breda, Holland. On 20 May, the King knighted him, creating him baron, for revealing a conspiracy against the king's life. He was also granted a pension of£500 per year. In 1661, at the age of 36, he decided to devote himself to mathematics and invention. He devised a mechanical calculator, probably based on the pattern of Blaise Pascal, for adding and subtracting: this was followed in 1666 by one for multiplying and other functions. A Perpetual Calendar or Almanack followed; he toyed with the idea of a "gunpowder engine" for raising water; he developed a range of speaking trum-pets, said to have a range of 1/2 to 1 mile (0.8–1.6 km) or more; also iron stoves for use on board ships, and improvements to barometers.By 1675 he had started selling a range of pumps for private houses, for mines or deep wells, for ships, for emptying ponds or draining low ground as well as to quench fire or wet the sails of ships. The pumps cost from £5 to £63, and the great novelty was that he used, instead of packing around the cylinder sealing against the bore of the cylinder, a neck-gland or seal around the outside diameter of the piston or piston-rod. This revolutionary step avoided the necessity of accurately boring the cylinder, replacing it with the need to machine accurately the outside diameter of the piston or rod, a much easier operation. Twenty-seven variations of size and materials were included in his schedule of'Pumps or Water Engines of Isaac Thompson of Great Russel Street', the maker of Morland's design. In 1681 the King made him "Magister mechanicorum", or Master of Machines. In that year he sailed for France to advise Louis XIV on the waterworks being built at Marly to supply the Palace of Versailles. About this time he had shown King Charles plans for a pumping engine "worked by fire alone". He petitioned for a patent for this, but did not pursue the matter.In 1692 he went blind. In all, he married five times. While working for Cromwell he became an expert in ciphers, in opening sealed letters and in their rapid copying.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1660.Bibliography1685, Elevation des eaux.Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1970, Sir Samuel Morland: Diplomat and Inventor, Cambridge: Newcomen Society/Heffers.IMcN
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